Tuesday, February 5, 2019

Arthur's Sword Caledfwlch and the Dacian Falx?

Falx From Birdoswald

A Second Falx From Birdoswald

I'd always assumed that Arthur's sword Caledfwlch (becoming Caliburn in Geoffrey of Monmouth and [Es]calibor in the French romances) was a straight-forward borrowing from the Caladbolg sword of the Irish hero Fergus.  In fact, I wrote rather extensively on this identification, and related matters.  For example, here are a couple of past posts treating of the weapon:

https://mistshadows.blogspot.com/2016/08/king-arthurs-sword-excalibur-lightning.html


I've only now realized that I might have missed an important connection.

Arthur may well have been born at the Banna Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall, which had been garrisoned in the Roman period by a unit of Dacians.  Their presence may account for the Pendragon title given to Arthur's father.  But it is also possible that the favorite weapon of the Dacians may have contributed to the hero being supplied with what otherwise would seem to be a mythical Irish sword.

First, to recap on the apparent meaning of Caledfwlch.  The first component, Caled-, simply means 'hard.'  The second one is more of a problem.  -fwlch is transparently Welsh bwlch.  The listing for bwlch in the GPC runs as follows:

bwlch 

[Llyd. boulc’h: < Clt. *bolko-, -ā] 

eg. (b. bolch) ll. bylchau, bylch, a hefyd fel a.

a  Adwy, hollt, agen, rhwgn, toriad, breg, rhwyg

breach, gap, notch, jag, break, flaw, rent

Thus the name is usually translated as "Hard-gap".  Fergus's sword Caladbolg, despite arguments to the contrary, is 'Hard-lightning.'  An alternate spelling is Caladcolg, simply 'Hard-sword.'

But I would like to point out that the Dacians wielded a curved sword which the Romans called a falx.  The Wikipedia article on this weapon provides a nice summary description:


A related word is falcatus (cf. falcis).

Is it at all possible, I wonder, that an Arthur originally armed with a falx - a sword he would have inherited from the traditional weapon of the Dacians of Banna - might have had such a weapon associated in popular belief with Caladbolg/Caledfwlch?  

                 FALX/FALCIS

CALED - FALX.FALCIS

CALED - BWLCH/FWLCH

CALED - FWLCH

Kindly NOTE that I'm not entirely serious about this.  Certainly, I would never propose it as a true academic theory.  I only cite it because I thought the superficial similarity of falx and fwlch was interesting.  No etymological relationship or development implied. Sometimes what a researcher does is look for causation, no matter how tenuous.  Could it be that an Arthur bearing a falx could have suggested to a storyteller the name Caledfwlch, itself a Welsh rendering of the Irish Caladbolg?  Well, who knows?  Maybe. Of course, we'll never really know.  

Arthur is usually depicted either with a Roman style spatha or cavalry sword or with a ridiculous late medieval cross-hilted broadsword.  Hard to imagine him armed with a falx.  Yet the possibility, slim though it is, remains. 


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