c. ad 493 (Historia Ecclesiastica 1.15–16). Most modern
writing c. 545 and that both his birth and Baddon were
c. 500+ (Gildas 51–9, 76–83). On the other hand, Ian
Annales Cambriae date for the battle at 516/518.
refers to an absolute system of dating, i.e. the 84-year
We can ignore any reference to Ambrosius, as I've shown that he belongs to the 4th century, and was wrongly moved to the 5th in tradition. This doubtless occurred because his contemorary, the Roman emperor Constans I, who visited Britain on a military matter, was conflated with Constans II of the 5th century.
Anglo-Saxon scholars have long known there are major chronological problems in the ASC. Here is more material from York's book:
The duplication of a number of the entries for Cerdic and Cynric 19 years
apart has cast doubt on the validity of 495 as a date for the beginning of Cerdic
and Cynric’s conquest of Wessex. David Dumville’s detailed study of the
regnal dates given in the Chronicle and in the closely related West Saxon
Genealogical Regnal List reached the conclusion that the fifth—and sixth
century dates were extremely unreliable and had been artificially extended to
make it appear that the kingdom was founded at an earlier date than was
actually the case. His calculation on the basis of the reign-lengths given in the
Genealogical Regnal List was that Cerdic’s reign was originally seen as
beginning in 538, with the arrival of Cerdic and Cynric in 532.
A further problem with the Chronicle’s account of the origins of Wessex is
that it seems to locate the origins of the kingdom in southern Hampshire and
the Isle of Wight, though unfortunately not all the place-names it cites can be
identified. Bede, on the basis of information supplied to him by Bishop Daniel,
indicates that southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight were independent
provinces which did not become part of Wessex until after their conquest by
King Cædwalla in 686–8. A number of sources, including Bede and placename
evidence, affirm that the people of southern Hampshire and the Isle of
Wight were classed as Jutes and not as Saxons. It seems impossible to place
the origins of the kingdom of Wessex in these Jutish provinces...
Critical analysis of the accounts of the origins of Wessex suggest that Cerdic
the founder of the West Saxon dynasty was establishing his position in the
530s, probably in the upper Thames valley."
One thing is clear, at least: Ceawlin, who died in 496 or 498, did not fight at Bath in 577. But if he didn't, who did?
Well, why not Cerdic/Arthur? There is nothing wrong with the date of 516/18, in this case. That date is 59-61 years before the ASC's 577. But as we know beyond doubt that Cunedda/Ceawlin had died a full 97 years prior to the 577 date, pushing the Bath battle back to 516/18 must be allowed.
But if Badon was in 516/18, and Arthur's Camlan was in 537 (cf. the ASC's 534 death for Cerdic), what to do about the order of the Arthurian battles, which selectively matches that of the Anglo-Saxon list from Cerdicesora through Bath? We can't have Camlan falling between Wight and the battle of Bedford (Limbury-Eynsham). Camlan in such a position would mean that the author of the HISTORIA BRITTONUM merely decided to skip Camlan and add the other battles from the ASC to pad out the Arthurian list. And, as is obvious, it would mean that Arthur never fought at Badon.
I think what have happened is this: the scholars are correct in that Cerdic has wrongly been placed in Hampshire. Place-name experts in recent years (see Watts) have even shied away from linking Charford to Cerdic's name. The most likely explanation may have to do with a confusion of the Hampshire Avon with the Bristol Avon. If we look on a map, and draw a curved line from the Bristol Avon up through Gloucester and thence through Wiltshire and finally along the Thames Valley, following the various Gewissei battle sites, we have what appears to be a frontier zone between the south and a Wales with its power center at Wroxeter.
This borderland makes a great deal more sense logistically, given that Cerdic was from Ceredigion in western Wales. I have always had a problem with the notion that he went all the way south around Land's End, then well east to reach Hampshire.
Unfortunately, while the ASC and the HB (which had, essentially, copied the ASC battles) had the date for Cerdic's/Arthur's death correct, by placing him in the south and then chronologically rearranging (and perhaps reassigning) the battles belonging to Ceawlin and Cynric, we end up with that death in the middle of a battle list. We are also forced to reconsider the location of Camlan, assuming we refuse to accept the Afon Gamlan site in NW Wales, which was identified as the right place by the Welsh themselves. There is nothing wrong with the Afon Gamlan, as it lay in Merioneth bordering on Ceredigion. If we now want one in the Gewissei military theater, we need to look towards either the Cam Brook (ancient Cameler, Camelar) just south of Bath or the River Cam south of Gloucester.
If we do shift Cerdic north, I would mention once again my idea from many years ago that Barbury in Wiltshire, as the 'Bear's fort', may have been named for Arthur the Bear king. While it is true the ASC claims Ceawlin/Cunedda fought there, it may be that Arthur did instead. Or Arthur may have been fighting at Barbury with his father.
There were two Badburys in the Gewissei battle zone: the Liddingon Badbury not far from Barbury along the ancient Ridgeway track, and Badbury Hill near Faringdon. However, linguists will not allow Badon to be derived from Baddan-, and even the Welsh use a spelling for Badon that designates English Bath. [1]
Just a Coincidence?
Despite all of that, I do feel the need to point out that it seems an amazing coincidence for Cerdic and his brother to show up in 495 when we know his father died in 496-498. The language used by the Chronicle one year before Ceawlin's death* is that he was "expelled" from Adam's Grave (Wōdnesbeorġ) near Alton Priors.
If at least this sequence is correct, then we can imagine the Gewissei being forced out of the north and redirecting their efforts in the south. This is not an unreasonable assumption. It would, however, effectively remove Badon/Bath from Arthur's battles.
Suppose that while Caedwalla had, indeed, taken the Isle of Wight from the Jutes in the 7th century, Cerdic was actually allied with the Jutes who were taking Wight and adjacent parts of Hampshire from the Britons?
* Ceawlin is said to have perished with Cwichelm, and this probably happened in the vicinity of Cuckhamsley.
From Bosworth and Toller:
Cwichelmes hlǽw
(n.)
Cwicchelmes hlǽw , Cwicelmes hlǽw ,es; m. [hlǽw a heap, barrow, small hill: Flor. Cuiccelmeslawe: Hunt. Chichelmeslaue: Hovd. Cwichelmelow: Cwichelm's hill; Cwichelmi agger]
CUCKHAMSLEY hill or Cuchinslow, Berkshire, a large barrow on a wide plain overlooking White Horse Vale ⬩ Cwichelmi agger in agro Berchensi
Entry preview: Æsces dúne to Cwichelmes [Cwicelmes, Th. 256, 28, col. 1: Cwicchelmes, 257, 27, col. 1] hlǽwe and ðǽr onbídedon beótra gylpa, forðan oft man cwæþ, gif hí Cwichelmes [Cwicelmes, col. 1] hlǽwe gesóhton, ðæt hí nǽfre to sǽ gangan [gangen MS.] ne sceoldan
And from Ekwall:
Cuckhamsley Knob Brk, a hill near Wantage, 'Cwichelm's burial-mound'... It has been suggested that the Cwichelm who is buried at C~ was the West Saxon king Cwichelm who died in 593 according to the Chronicle.
A) Fethanleag in 584, Ceawlin's last successful battle
B) Adam's Grave, from which Ceawlin was expelled in 592
C) Cwichelm's Low, near where Ceawlin perished in 593
CONCLUSION
My instinct tells me that we should not ignore the claim of the HB and the AC (Welsh Annals) and exclude Arthur from the Battle of Badon. We might assume that the battles in Hampshire were contrived by the English source and, unfortunately, utilized by the HB author when he compiled his battle list. However, if we allow for the Bristol Avon to be the proper sphere of military action for Cerdic, and not the Hampshire one, we can have Cerdic move south and west of the Thames Valley following the death of his father Cunedda/Ceawlin in 497. The battles in Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Avon belonged to Cerdic, not to Ceawlin. Barbury Castle may well have been called such after Arthur the Bear King. Badon was fought in 516/18. Arthur/Cerdic fell either at one of Cam sites I have mentioned above or at the Afon Gamlan on the border of his own kingdom of Ceredigion in Wales.
Why did the English place Cerdic in Hampshire?
I suspect it was a clumsy attempt to show that the Jutish areas had been conquered in the very early period, when in reality they remained Jutish until Wight and surrounding districts were properly brought under the dominion of Wessex by Caedwalla.
The HB battle list is, therefore, a confused one. On the one hand, Arthur was never in Hampshire, as is insisted upon by the ASC. But precisely because he wasn't there, and was instead in the northwest, we can accept the tradition which has him win a great victory at Badon.
[1]
The Linguistic
Argument of Badon as Bath
Badon is a difficult place-name for an unexpected reason. As Kenneth Jackson proclaimed:
"No such British name is known, nor any such
stem." [To be briefly mentioned in the context of Badon is the Middle
Welsh word bad, 'plague, pestilence, death' (GPC; first attested in the 14th
century), from Proto-Celtic *bato-, cf. Old Irish bath. Some have asked me
whether this word could be the root of Badon - to which Dr. Graham I. Isaac, of
the National University of Ire-land, Galway, responds emphatically, "No, absolutely
no. A (modern) W form _bad_ etc. would have been spelt in the W of the ancient
period as _bat_ and there can be no connection since _Bad(on)_ is what we
find." Other noteworthy Celtic linguists, such as Dr. Simon Rodway of
Aberystwyth University, Dr. Richard Coates of the University of the West of
England and Professor Ranko Matasovic of the University of Zagreb, agree with
Isaac on this point. Matasovic adds: “Professor Isaac is right; since we have
references to Badon in Early Welsh sources, the name would have been spelled
with –t- (for voiced /d/). The spelling where the letter <d> stands for
/d/ and <dd> for the voiced dental fricative was introduced in the late
Middle Ages.”]
Graham Isaac has the following to say on the nature
of the word Badon, which I take to be au-thoritative.
His explanation of why Gildas's Badon cannot be
derived from one of the Badburys (like Liddington Castle, often cited as a
prime candidates for Badon) is critical in an eventual identification of this
battle site. Although long and rather complicated, his argument is convincing
and I have, therefore, opted to present it unedited:
"Remember in all that follows that both the -d
- in Badon and the -th- in OE Bathum are pronounced like th in 'bathe' and
Modern Welsh - dd-. Remember also that in Old English spelling, the letters
thorn and the crossed d are interchangeable in many positions: that is
variation in spelling, not in sound, and has no significance for linguistic
arguments.
It is curious that a number of commentators have
been happy to posit a 'British' or 'Celtic' form Badon. The reason seems to be
summed up succinctly by Tolstoy in the 1961 article (p. 145):
'It is obviously impossible that Gildas should have
given a Saxon name for a British locality'.
Why? I see no reason at all in the world why he
should not do so (begging the question as to what, exactly, is the meaning of
'British locality' here; Gildas is just talking about a hill). This then
becomes the chief crutch of the argument, as shown on p. 147 of Tolstoy's
article: 'But that there was a Celtic name ‘Badon’ we know from the very
passage in Gildas under discussion'.
But that is just circular: ' "Badon" must
be "Celtic" because Gildas only uses "Celtic" names'. This
is no argument. What would have to be shown is that 'Badon' is a regular reflex
of a securely attested 'Celtic' word. This is a matter of empirical detail and
is easily tested; we have vast resources to tell us what was and was not a
'Celtic' word. And there is nothing like 'Badon'.
Given, then, that the sources – English and Welsh –
agree that Badon is a Bath place-name, and that Celtic and English place-name
experts and linguists agree that Badon must be for Bath, I see no reason to
continue to consider any of the Badburys as potential candidates for Arthur’s
Badon.
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