Wednesday, December 25, 2024

A NEW READING FOR THE 'ARM[...]S' LACUNA OF THE L. ARTORIUS CASTUS INSCRIPTION



***

New information has become available to me that might make this reading more palatable.

When I shared it with Dr. Benet Salway, he responded:

"You have now assembled a convincing body of parallels to argue for your restoration of this lacuna on the epitaph for Artorius Castus.

Well done."

Firstly,  I have found a phrase, armato milites, 'armed soldiers', in Virgil's Aeneid (ii.20). However, as Benet Salway has pointed out, "[Virgil's] as verse is not probative." But it does show again the adjective in front of the noun, as in my proposed armatas gentes for the LAC lacuna "ARM[...]S."  'armatis militibus', "armed soldiers", occurs in HISTORIA AUGUSTA Septimius Severus 7 and in the same source's Antoninus Caracalla 2. HA Maximus and Balbinus 8 has 'armatos hostes', "armed enemies".


In Suetonius's Twelve Caesers, I found 'armata praesidii' (Julius), "armed guard."  Also 'armatis cohortibus', "armed cohorts" (Nero). 

This as well -

armatum concilium "armed council"

armatum tribunum "armed tribunes" Cic. Pis. 77

armatus hostis  armed enemy Sallust  Bellum Catilinae

armatis hominibus  armed men Sallust BC

armata milia armed thousands Caeser Gallic Wars 2

armatum hostem an armed enemy Caeser Gallic Wars 5

armata civitas an armed city Caeser Civil Wars 3 

armatos castris "armed camp" Tacitus Annals 2

armatis cohortibus "armed cohorts" Tacitus Annals 3

armatorum milia "armed thousands" Tacitus History 3

armati exercitus "armed army" Tacitus History 3

armatorum Romanorum "armed Romans" History 4

And even in later historical sources, like Ammianus Marcellinus (Book XX; V):

armatarum cohortium "armed cohorts"

Or here:


armatos hostes "armed enemies"


armatae militiae "armed forces"


 armatorum turbae "armed crowd" 

I'm sure other examples could be found - perhaps many such. 

Prior to this I had located armatas gentes in two instances from the historian Livy.

But more importantly, Roger Tomlin had reservations about armatas being found in inscriptions abbreviated to ARM.  Well, I have found it.

publication: CIL 03, 14320,02 (p 2328,159) = AHB p 605
dating: 201 to 300         EDCS-ID: EDCS-32300027
province: Dalmatia         place: Tomislavgrad / Duvno / Zupanjac / Delminium
Arm(ato) Aug(usto) s(acrum) / Mattonia / Tertia li/be(n)s posuit
inscription genus / personal status: mulieres;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina
material: lapis


ARMATUS AS 'ARM'

We may compare this inscription with another found dedicated to the same god in Dalmatia:

publication: CIL 03, 14320,01 (p 2328,159) = D 04880 = AHB p 604
dating: 101 to 250         EDCS-ID: EDCS-31300289
province: Dalmatia         place: Tomislavgrad / Duvno / Zupanjac / Delminium
Armato s(acrum) / Sest(ia) One/sime ex / voto pos(uit) / l(ibens)
inscription genus / personal status: mulieres;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina
material: lapis

Armatus is discussed in detail in željka pandža - Sveučilište u Mostaru, Filozofski fakultet, Odjel za arheologiju, University of Mostar, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Archaeology - BOG ARMATUS NA NATPISIMA S DUVANJSKOG POLJA/GOD ARMATUS IN THE INSCRIPTIONS FROM DUVANJSKO POLJE.

Yes, this is a proper name, and of a deity in Dalmatia who they think was originally
a native "Mars".

BUT... armatus, just the word itself, means 'armed', of course, and a person or
deity named such would be 'the armed one.'

So here we do have an instance of ARM being used for 'armed.'

Arm- words are abbreviated as ARM dozens of times in the inscriptions:

There are dozens of Arm- words abbreviated ARM on stones.  From Trismegistos:

 Abbreviated word Frequency

ARM armorum 54
ARM Armini 26
ARM Armeniaco 16
ARM Armeniaci 12
ARM Arma 6
ARM Armilustrium 5
ARM Armeniae 4
ARM Armenico 4
ARM Arm 3
ARM armatura 3
ARM Armeniacus 3
ARM armamentarii 2
ARM armamentarius 2
ARM armillis 2
ARM Armato 1
ARM Armemiaco 1
ARM Armeni 1
ARM Armenicus 1
ARM armillae 1
ARM armis 1
ARM Armogio 1
ARM armorum 1

I have also found a use of armatus as an adjective fronting another noun IN THE INSCRIPTIONS, 'armatam statuam', "armed statue":

publication: CIL 06, 41142 = CIL 06, 01377 (p 3141, 3805, 4948) = CIL 06, 31640 = D 01098 = IDRE-01, 00010 = AE 2013, +00013 
dating: 171 to 180         EDCS-ID: EDCS-01000261
province: Roma         place: Roma
M(arco) Claudio [Ti(beri)] f(ilio) Q[uir(ina)] / Frontoni co(n)s(uli) / leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinciarum Daciarum et [Moesiae] / super(ioris) simul leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) provincia[rum III] / Daciar(um) leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) Moesiae super(ioris) [et] / Daciae Apule(n)sis simul leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) pro/vinciae Moesiae super(ioris) comiti divi Veri / Aug(usti) donato donis militarib(us) bello Ar/meniaco et Parthico ab Imperatore An/tonino Aug(usto) et a divo Vero Aug(usto) corona / murali item vallari item classica item / aurea item hastis puris IIII item vexillis / IIII curatori operum locorumq(ue) publicor(um) / misso ad iuventutem per Italiam legen/dam leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) pr(o) pr(aetore) exercitus legionarii / et auxilior(um) per Orientem in Armeniam / et Osrhoenam et Anthemusiam ducto/rum leg(ato) Augg(ustorum) legioni(s) primae Minervi/ae in ex{s}peditionem Parthicam deducen/dae leg(ato) divi Antonini Aug(usti) leg(ionis) XI Cl(audiae) prae/tori aedili curuli ab actis senatus quaes/tori urbano Xviro stlitibus iudicandis / huic senatus auctore Imperatore M(arco) Au/relio Antonino Aug(usto) Armeniaco Medico / Parthico maximo quod post aliquo<d=T> se/cunda proelia adversus Germanos / et Iazyges ad postremum pro r(e) p(ublica) fortiter / pugnans ceciderit armatam statuam [poni] / in foro divi Traiani pecunia publica cen[suit]
inscription genus / personal status: Augusti/Augustae;  milites;  ordo senatorius;  tituli honorarii;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina;  viri
material: lapis

Nations (gentibus) found fronted by an adjective, diversis, 'different':

publication: CIL 13, 05954 (4, p 77) = CLE 01942 = AE 2013, 01106 = Vipard-2013, 00014
dating: 1 to 300         EDCS-ID: EDCS-10801366
province: Belgica | Germania superior         place: Grand / Grannum / Leuci
[In co]nubio iuncti diversis gentibu[s orti(?)] / Gallae cum Parthis mon<u=I>me[ntum 3] / [3]um statuerunt Basilidae [3] / [3 n]unc(?) et sibi non dubitantes / [n]omina noscentur satum c[
inscription genus / personal status: carmina;  mulieres;  tituli operum;  tituli sepulcrales;  viri
material: lapis

And nations fronted by another adjective, bellicosissimis, "warlike":

publication: CIL 06, 01014 (p 842, 3070, 3777, 4316, 4340) = CIL 06, 31225 = D 00374 
dating: 176 to 176         EDCS-ID: EDCS-17400014
province: Roma         place: Roma
S(enatus) p(opulus)q(ue) R(omanus) / Imp(eratori) Caes(ari) divi Antonini f[i]l(io) divi Veri Parth(ici) max(imi) fratr(i) / divi Hadriani nep(oti) divi Traiani Parth(ici) [pro]nep(oti) divi Nervae abnep(oti) / M(arco) Aurelio Antonino Aug(usto) Germ(anico) Sarm(atico) / pontif(ici) maxim(o) tribunic(ia) pot(estate) XXX imp(eratori) VIII co(n)s(uli) III p(atri) p(atriae) / quod omnes omnium ante se maximorum Imperatorum glorias / supergressus bellicosissimis gentibus deletis et subactis / [
inscription genus / personal status: Augusti/Augustae;  tituli honorarii;  viri
material: lapis

And still more nations fronted by adjectives, in these two cases devictarum and maxsimis:

publication: CILA-02-03, 00927 = IUtrera 00001 = TabSiar = Espectaculos-01, 00004 = Crawford-1996, 00037 = HEp 1995, 00734 = HEp 1999, 00524 = HEp 2011, 00447 = AE 1983, +00515 = AE 1984, 00508 = AE 1986, 00275 = AE 1986, 00308 = AE 1988, 00703 = AE 1989, +00358 = AE 1989, 00408 = AE 1991, 00020 = AE 1999, 00031 = AE 1999, 00891 = AE 2001, +00033 = AE 2001, +00039 = AE 2001, +00087 = AE 2002, +00043 = AE 2002, +00044 = AE 2002, +00045 = AE 2002, +00046 = AE 2003, +00047 = AE 2003, +00048 = AE 2003, +00049 = AE 2003, +00050 = AE 2008, +00651 = AE 2014, +00070
dating: 19 to 20         EDCS-ID: EDCS-45500034
province: Baetica         place: La Canada / Siarum
[Quod M(arcus) Silanus L(ucius)] Nor[banus Balbus co(n)s(ules) v(erba) f(ecerunt) de memoria honoranda Germanici Caesaris qui] / [mortem obire nu]<m=N>quam debuit [3 uti de] / [honoribus m]eritis Germanici Caesar[is 3 ageretur] /[atque de] ea re consilio Ti(beri) Caesaris Aug(usti) prin[cipis nostri ageretur et cognoscendarum] / copia sententiarum ipsi fieret atque is adsu[e]ta sibi [moderatione ex omnibus iis] / honoribus quos habendos esse censebat senatus legerit eo[s quos ipse vellet et Iulia] / Augusta mater eius et Drusus Caesar materque Germanici Ca[esaris Antonia consilio] / adhibita ab eis et deliberationi satis apte posse haberi exist<i=U>[marent d(e) e(a) r(e) i(ta) c(ensuere)] / placere uti ianus marmoreus extrueretur in circo Flaminio pe[cunia publica posi]/tus ad eum locum in quo statuae divo Augusto domuique Augus[tae publice positae es]/sent ab C(aio) Norbano Flacco cum signis devictarum gentium

publication: CIL 11, 01421 (p 1263) = InscrIt-07-01, 00007 = D 00140 = DecretaPisana 00002 = Freis 00017 = Questori 00328 = Segenni = Bergemann 00036 = Epigraphica-2007-99 = AE 1991, +00021 = AE 2000, +00037 = AE 2002, +00451 = AE 2003, +00626 = AE 2007, +00070 = AE 2007, +00539 = AE 2009, +00014 = AE 2010, +00037
dating: 4 to 14         EDCS-ID: EDCS-20402891
province: Etruria / Regio VII         place: Pisa / Pisae
scrib(endo) ad]/fu[e]r(unt) Q(uintus) Sertorius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Atilius Tacitus P(ublius) Rasinius L(uci) f(ilius) Bassus L(ucius) Lappius / P(ubli) [f(ilius) G]allus Q(uintus) Sertorius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Alpius Pica C(aius) Vettius L(uci) f(ilius) Virgula M(arcus) Herius / M(arci) [f(ilius) P]riscus A(ulus) Albius A(uli) f(ilius) Gutta Ti(berius) Petronius Ti(beri) f(ilius) Pollio L(ucius) Fabius L(uci) f(ilius) Bassus / Sex(tus) [A]ponius Sex(ti) f(ilius) Creticus C(aius) Canius C(ai) <f=E>(ilius) Saturninus L(ucius) Otacilius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Panthera / quod [v(erba) f(acta)] sunt cum in colonia nostra propter contentiones candidato/ru[m m]agistratuus non essent ea acta essent quae infra scripta sunt / cum a(nte) [d(iem) II]II Nonas Apriles allatus esset nuntius C(aium) Caesarem Augusti patris patri/ae [po]ntif(icis) max{s}<i=U>mi custodis imperi(i) Romani totiusque orbis terrarum prae/si[dis f]ilium divi nepotem post consulatum quem ultra finis extremas popu/li [Ro]mani bellum gerens feliciter peregerat bene gesta re publica devicteis aut / in [fid]em receptis bellicosissimis ac max{s}imis gentibus

While not an exhaustive search of the databases, these examples are enough to demonstrate that a phrase such as ARMATAS GENTES is certainly possible on an inscription.  And, furthermore, that it could be abbreviated and ligatured as I had earlier proposed.  The only question really remaining is whether this reading should be preferred over ARMENIOS.  

I'm split on this, personally.  While ARMENIOS has a lot going for it, it is still true that the Sixth Legion was always oriented towards the North.  It's job, literally, in the time period we are considering, was to guard the northern limes and to strike back at tribes invading from the North.  That task was its primary - and one might go so far as to say - exclusive role in Britain.  Yes, we can argue that its prefect took vexillations of his own legion and of the other two legions with him somewhere outside of Britain, it's make more sense to see him moving his entire legion with generous detachments from the other two against a Northern foe.

I have promoted the idea that this could have happened during the reign of Commodus, when a legate of the Sixth was killed on the Wall. This emergency was dealt with by the Roman governor of Britain, Ulpius Marcellus, who is credited with a victory in the North. Commodus celebrated this victory on his coin issue.  It is entirely conceivable that Castus led this force because there was no time to find a senator to fill the vacant role of legate.  This would be normal procedure for a legion whose legate had just fallen in battle.  Castus might well have been preferred over the legates of the other two legions precisely because he was more knowledgeable about the situation and because he had already gained valuable military experience in the North.  Ulpius may have thought him the best candidate for the mission.

'Armed tribes' doesn't suffer from the ambiguity of ARMATOS.  Anyone reading a stone about a prefect of the Sixth Legion stationed at York leading British legionary forces against armed tribes would automatically assume the said tribes were in Britain. Otherwise, Castus would have said on his stone that they were elsewhere. 

[Since writing this piece, I've heard back from several leading epigraphers. Roger Tomlin does not like it, for several reasons, although he did admit "ARMATAS GENTES is an acceptable phrase." Gwyn Davies still favors ARMENIOS, saying -

"I have to say that I prefer the identification of Armenia as the destination for the Castus expeditionary force. To me, the work done identifying our man with other principals of Dalmatian origin and the network of interests that connected them seems very plausible.  

And I would also prefer the simplestof interpretations for the missing text in the inscription with 'Armenios' better fitting both the space and likely context for the conflicts of the period.   Also, given that after this posting he becomes procurator of Prov. Lib (which is a short-lived admin entity), it seems unlikely to me that he was still in Britain during the trouble in 180-184."

I continue to hold with Armenia because I cannot square anything else with the probable foundation date of Liburnia.

But Lawrence Keppie says -

"Your restoration of 'armatas gentes' strikes me, a one-time Latinist, as improbably vague. Usually one expects the name of a town, a tribe, a province etc. So I opt for Armorica, though I couldn't find any epigraphic attestation for this word. I assume you have long since looked at the Clauss-Slaby and Heidelberg epigraphic databases. I wondered if there was any archaeological support for destruction in Armorica at this time. My contemporary and old friend John Drinkwater, the top expert on Gaul, would be the person to consult." [I've just written to Drinkwater on this matter.]

However, on this supposed vagueness, see:


I once made a strong case for Armorica:


Benet Salway still insists on a date from AD 193-235 or up to a decade or so later, but remains noncommital as to the proper reconstruction for the ARM[...]S lacuna.

As I hear from more scholars on the issue, I will post their comments here.]
"... AGAINST ARMED TRIBES"

When I first read the fragmentary memorial inscription of L. Artorius Castus, I assumed the action described by this man as dux must have occurred in Northern Britain.  

Why did I assume that?

Because during the period we are talking about (the stone, based upon the consensus of leading scholars, is dated from the late Antonine to early Severan) the Sixth legion, based at York, was a northward-oriented force.  Essentially, it was the job of the Sixth to keep back the tribes of the North. Given that Castus was the prefect of this legion, it was difficult for me to imagine him leading legionary forces anywhere but to Northern Britain.

Indeed, other than the temporary transfer of the legion to the Continent by Albinus in 169 A.D., and its permanent withdrawalfrom the privince in the early 5th century, there is no evidence the legion or even a part of it had ever left Britain.

However, various scholars had proposed readings for "ARM[...]S" that led us quite far from a British military mission. 

First, there was the possibility that ARMORICOS (which I was the first to show could actually fit on the stone with allowable ligatures) should be inserted.  People pointed to the Deserters' War in Gallia Lugdunensis.  The problem with this solution is that there is no evidence whatsoever that all of Armorica was rebelling from Rome.  Instead, we had a mix of deserters, bandits, other criminals, runaway slaves, gladiators, peasant farmers and the like.  These were a public enemy or latrones; they were not an Armorican uprising.

Second - and this is still an excellent possibility - is ARMENIOS.  We know the Roman governor of Britain Statius Priscus was sent to command the army in Armenia in the 160s.  Research also appears to show that the province of Liburnia, over which Castus was made procurator, was founded not long after the successful completion of the Armenian War.  The fact that Castus was provided with ius gladii suggests an emergency situation and that seems to only fit this early proposed foundation of Liburnia.    The problem with the Armenia idea is that the country is question is, indeed, distant from Britain.  In fact, it lies at the opposite end of the Roman world.  While it does not seem unreasonable to have Priscus take some troops with him (as troops were drawn from the Rhine and the Danube), we might wonder why the leader of those troops was the prefect of the legion in charge of defending the north of the British province.  We are told that at this time problems were brewing in Britain. Still, Dalmatian connections for Castus and his superiors continues to point rather strongly to Armenia. I personally continue to favor this reading for ARM[...]S.

Other readings for ARM[...]S have failed.  ARMATOS in isolation, for instance, is considered unsatisfactory.  As 'armed men', it does not tell us who these armed men are or where they are to be found.  Professor Roger Tomlin thinks no Roman military officer would state that he had led forces against armed men.  That his enemy was armed would be assumed and not need to be stated. So the term is too vague, ambiguous, nonspecific, etc.  

The funny thing about the human brain is that it tends to shut itself up in a box.  In looking at ARM[...]S again the other day, I decided to ask a rather simple, obvious question: why are we restricting ourselves to just one word in the lacuna?  Might there not be two words here, one perhaps being abbreviated?

With that thought in mind, I began looking for words that might fit and make sense in the context of the inscription.  Again and again I struck out.  I had almost given up when I realized I had missed something.  I had initially dispensed with gentes, 'tribes', because it wouldn't fit.  And then I saw the splendid NTE ligature used for CENT just a little farther along in the same line as ARM[...]S.

Guess what?  Allowing for ARMATAS GENTES, 'armed tribes', written as ARM/GENTES with the NTE ligature, fit perfectly!

I could not find armatas abbreviated, but I did find quite a few other arm- words abbreviated as ARM:


Armatas gentes itself could be found in Classical sources:



I then needed to ask the professionals whether this formation might work.

This from Dr. Benet Salway:

"Armatas gentes” means “armed tribes” (accusative). The more natural word order would indeed be “gentes armatas” (noun followed by adjective) and I have found that order in some medieval Latin texts. But, as shown by the examples in Livy, in literary Latin it is acceptable to reverse the order. And, as a result of the possible familiarity of the Livian usage, the rather unusual adjective-noun order in this phrase may have had some recognition."

From Professor Roger Tomlin:

"ARMATAS GENTES is an acceptable phrase, of course."

Having established that ARMATAS GENTES was possible for the inscription, the next step was to see if I could figure out what historically known event could be identified with the action Castus describes on his stone.

We can begin by going back to what I believed at the very beginning: his dux mission was in Britain.  An armatas gentes, 'armed tribes' reading, involving a prefect of the Sixth leading legionary forces (probably the entire Sixth legion plus generous vexillations of the other two), could only refer to tribes in the North of Britain.  

We know of two major campaigns in the North for the period under discussion.  In the second, Emperor Severus launched a huge war against the confederated tribes of the Caledonii and the Maeatae. While Dio claims 50,000 Romans died in this war, Simon Elliot (in his SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS IN SCOTLAND: THE NORTHERN CAMPAIGNS OF THE FIRST HAMMER OF THE SCOTS) has shown that this is an error.  Instead, 50,000 is the total number of soldiers Severus assembled for the invasion.  

Nothing in the account describing Severus's war mentions the deaths of legates, etc.  For Castus to have led such a force north suggests the legate of the Sixth was dead or otherwise incapacitated.  

If we go instead to the British victory in the North under Commodus, we have a reference to a general who fell before tribesmen at the Wall (which wall is meant is still being debated; it is now generally thought to be Hadrian's). The debate as to whether this general was a governor or a legate of the Sixth continued for some time, but scholarly consensus now holds to the notion that it was a legate who perished.

From Anthony Birley's THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT OF BRITAIN, pp. 166-7:





And from Patricia Southern's Hadrian's Wall: Everyday Life on a Roman Frontier, Amberley Publishing Limited, Feb 15, 2016:


Way back in 2021, I had floated the idea that Castus as camp prefect had replaced the fallen legate:

https://mistshadows.blogspot.com/2021/05/the-strategos-and-lucius-artorius.html?m=1

Unfortunately, I had not come up with a reading for ARM[...]S that would allow such an interpretation of Castus's dux mission.  

I now have a reading that will do just that.

After the victory against the Northern tribes under the governorship of Ulpius Marcellus, matters got out of hand in Britain.  Mutiny occurred and Ulpius was removed.  He seems to have been in some danger of being punished, but escaped that fate.  We know that eventually things were so bad that the legions tried to raise a certain Priscus to the purple.  He refused, but their attempt caused the Praetorian Prefect Perennis to remove the senatorial legates and replace them with knights (like Castus).  The British soldiers didn't like this and sent a large escort (possibly because they had to pass through territory convulsed by the Deserters' War) with the removed senators to Rome.  There they demanded an end to Perennis and Commodus obliged them.

What we must ask at this juncture is what happened to Castus after the great northern victory that permitted Commodus to assume the Britannicus title.  If this prefect of the Sixth really was the officer who replaced the fallen legate of the Sixth, then his next appointment as procurator with ius gladii looks very much like a reward posting.  It does not look like a position granted to a mutinous soldier.  

I would guess that the new posting came immediately after Castus led the legionary forces to victory in the North.  Certainly, there is nothing whatsoever on the stone to suggest that Castus fought against mutinous troops. Had he done so we would have a phrase in the inscription with the word seditiosos, 'mutineers', or seditionem, 'mutiny'. Rebellles would have been used of rebellious tribes within the province, while hostes would have been used for those outside of it. A proclamation of Hostes publicus, 'public enemy', was used for the deserters of the Deserters' War. 

It is sad that we lack details of the successful British campaign under Commodus.  We only know it was declared a great victory.  Had Castus been a major part of that victory, we might understand how the Artorius name became imprinted on the North.  

We can also say that he did not replace the legionary legate under Perennis's decree.  Had he done so, he would have mentioned that on his stone (see https://mistshadows.blogspot.com/2025/01/why-l-artorius-castus-stone-is-logic.html).

NOTE:

Some examples of gentis/gentes used with adjectives in inscriptions.  This is NOT an exhaustive list by any means, as if one searches for merely gent there are thousands of hits in the database to look at.  Frankly, I lacked the patience for that exercise!

publication: CIL 03, 00247 = D 00754 = IIulian 00020 = BritRom-14, 00017 = AE 2019, +01631 = GLIA-02, 00332
dating: 362 to 362         EDCS-ID: EDCS-22300504
province: Galatia         place: Ankara / Ancyra
Domino totius orbis / Iuliano Augusto / ex Oceano Bri/tannico vi(i)s per / barbaras gentes / strage resistenti/um patefactis adus/que Tigridem una / aestate transvec/to Saturninius / Secundus v(ir) c(larissimus) praef(ectus) / praet(orio) [d(evotus)] N(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) [ei(us)]
inscription genus / personal status: Augusti/Augustae;  ordo senatorius;  tituli honorarii;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina;  viri
material: lapis

publication: CIL 03, p 0774 (p 1054, 2328,57) = IGRRP-03, 00159 = IDRE-02, 00394 = Scheid = Cooley-2012a = GLIA-01, 00001 = AE 2007, +00036 = AE 2007, +00037 = AE 2009, +00035 = AE 2013, +00004 = AE 2013, +00005 = AE 2014, +00010 = ZPE-220-281 = AE 2021, 012097
dating: 14 to 14         EDCS-ID: EDCS-20200013
province: Galatia         place: Ankara / Ancyra
Rerum gestarum divi Augusti quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi Rom(ani) / subiecit et i<m=N>pensarum quas in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit incisarum / in duabus aheneis pilis quae su[n]t Romae positae exemplar sub[i]ectum // [1] Annos undeviginti natus exercitum privato consilio et privata impensa / comparavi per quem rem publicam a dominatione factionis oppressam / in libertatem vindicavi eo [nomi]ne senatus decretis honorif[i]ci(i)s in / ordinem suum m[e adlegit C(aio) Pansa et C(aio) Hirt]io consulibus consula/rem locum s[ententiae dicendae simu]l [dans et i]mperium mihi dedit / res publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet] me pro praetore simul cum / consulibus pro[videre iussit p]opulus autem eodem anno me / consulem cum [consul uterqu]e in bel[lo ceci]disset et triumvirum rei publi/cae constituend[ae creavit] / [2] qui parentem meum [trucidaver]un[t eo]s in exilium expuli iudiciis legi/timis ultus eorum [fa]cin[us] et postea bellum inferentis rei publicae / vici b[is a]cie / [3] [b]ella terra et mari c[ivilia ex]ternaque toto in orbe terrarum s[aepe gessi] / victorque omnibus v[eniam petentib]us civibus peperci exter[nas] / gentes

 publication: CIL 03, p 0774 (p 1054, 2328,57) = IGRRP-03, 00159 = IDRE-02, 00394 = Scheid = Cooley-2012a = GLIA-01, 00001 = AE 2007, +00036 = AE 2007, +00037 = AE 2009, +00035 = AE 2013, +00004 = AE 2013, +00005 = AE 2014, +00010 = ZPE-220-281 = AE 2021, 012097
dating: 14 to 14         EDCS-ID: EDCS-20200013
province: Galatia         place: Ankara / Ancyra

exter[nas] / gentes

 publication: D 09351 = CLE 01916 = ILCV 00779 (add) = BCTH-1976/78-152 = BCTH-1990/92-160 = CLEAfr-01, p 120 = CLENuovo p 138 = Hamdoune-2016, p 169 = AfrRom-19-1000 = AE 1901, 00150 = AE 1993, +01780 = AE 2016, +01832
dating: 370 to 370         EDCS-ID: EDCS-16800401
province: Mauretania Caesariensis         place: Ighzer Amokrane / Fundus Petrensis
Praesidium aeternae firmat prudentia pacis / rem quoque Romanam fida tutat undique dextra / amni praepositum firmans munimine montem / e cuius nomen vocitavit nomine Petram / denique finitimae gentes

publication: ASAE-1934-22,2 
dating: 308 to 310         EDCS-ID: EDCS-72000104
province: Aegyptus         place: Luxor / Al Uqsur / Karnak / Al Karnak / Theben / Thebai / Thebae / Iounou-Shema / Diospolis Magna
Pietatis auctor[e]m et barbara/rum gentium extinctorem / d(ominum) n(ostrum) Val(erium) Licinium P(ium) F(elicem) Invictum / Aug(ustum) Aur(elius) Maximinus v(ir) p(erfectissimus) du[x] / Aeg(ypti) et Theb(aidos) utrarumq(ue) Libb(yarum) / devotus N(umini) m(aiestati)q(ue) eorum(!)
inscription genus / personal status: Augusti/Augustae;  ordo equester;  tituli honorarii;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina;  viri

publication: IK-12, 00313a = IIulian 00026
dating: 361 to 363         EDCS-ID: EDCS-00400018
province: Asia         place: Ephesus
D(omino) n(ostro) Fl(avio) Cl(audio) Iuliano / virtutum omnium magistro / philosophiae principi / venerando et / Piissimo Imperatori / victoriosissimo Augusto / omnium barbararum / gentium debellatori / Ael(ius) Cl(audius) Dulcitius / v(ir) c(larissimus) procons(ul) Asiae / vice sacra cog(noscens) / d(evotus) N(umini) maiestatiq(ue) eius
inscription genus / personal status: Augusti/Augustae;  ordo senatorius;  tituli honorarii;  tituli sacri;  tria nomina;  viri
material: lapis









































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