The Beccurus Stone (drawing courtesy the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project)
Bicoir father of Artuir is mentioned in the Irish Annals of
Tigernach for the year entry 627 A.D.:
Mongan son of Fiachna Lurgan, stricken with a stone by Artur
son of Bicoir Britone died. Whence Bec Boirche said:
- Cold
is the wind over Islay;
There are warriors in Kintyre,
They will commit a cruel deed therefor,
They will kill Mongan son of Fiachna.
Mongan mac Fiachna Lurgan, ab Artuir filio Bicoir Britone
lapide percussus interit. Unde Bec Boirche dixit:
- IS
uar in gáeth dar Ile,
do fuil oca i Cínd Tire,
do-genat gnim amnus de,
mairbfit Mongan mac Fiachnae.
Needless to say, this particular Arthur is not THE
Arthur. The established dates for the latter are found listed in the
Welsh Annals, where the battles of Badon and Camlann are described thusly:
516. LXXII. Annus. Bellum Badonis, in quo Arthur portavit
crucem Domini nostri Jesu Christi tribus diebus et tribus noctibus in humeros
suos et Britones victores fuerunt.
516. The Battle of Badon, in which Arthur carried the cross
of our Lord Jesus Christ for three days and three nights on his shoulders and
the Britons were victors.
537. XCIII. Annus. Gueith Camlann, in qua Arthur et Medraut corruere; et mortalitas in Brittania et in Hibernia fuit.
537. The Battle of Camlann in which Arthur and Medraut fell,
and there was devastation in Britain and in Ireland.
So about a century after THE Arthur’s death, another Arthur
was busy in the area of the Kintyre peninsula, killing an Irish king. I
have elsewhere suggested that this Artuir son of Bicoir may have been the same
as the Arthur son of Pedr, born c. 560 (Bartrum) and said to be a king of
Dyfed. My reasoning here has to do with Pembroke or Penbrog, “Land’s End
or Headland” in Dyfed, a place-name whose meaning corresponds exactly with the
Gaelic Cind-tyre, “Land’s End/Headland”.
In addition, Pedr, supposedly
from Roman Petrus, is found in variant forms in the Welsh and Irish MSS.
One of these spellings is ‘Petuir’, another ‘Retheoir’. As P and B
frequently substitute for one another in the languages involved, and t and c
can easily be mistaken for each other in MS., I early on proposed that Petuir
and Bicoir, both fathers of an Arthur, were in reality the same man.
I
further suggested that as ALL the other Arthurs are placed firmly in the North
of Britian, including Dalriadan Scoland, that Pedr’s being placed in the Dyfed
genealogy was probably an error. In all likelihood, he belonged in the
North as well. I would add that the Irish genealogy for the founders of
the Dyfed royal house leaves no doubt that they were Irish, and not originally
British.
This solution to the problem of Bicoir-Petuir seems elegant
enough, but there is one possible complicating factor which must be taken into
account: the Gesail Gyfarch or Gesail-gyfarch Stone, found near Penmorfa in
Gwynedd, not far to the northwest of the Welsh Camlans. The full
description and analysis of the stone may be found here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/pmrfa_1.html
The best reading of the stone is FILI CVNALIPI CVNACI IACIT
[… ] BECCVRI or ‘Cynog son of Cynllib lies here… Beccurus.’ The scholars
who first studied the stone in 1881 and then again in 1905 claimed to be able
to read traces of a word between IACIT (“lies here”) and the proper name
Beccurus. They suggested CIVI as a short form of CIVIS, “citizen”, but
this does not make sense of the inscription. I would hazard a guess that
the gap was filled with Latin CVM, perhaps ligatured, which would make the
inscription read:
‘Cynog son of Cynllib lies here WITH/ALONG WITH/TOGETHER
WITH Beccurus.’
According to RCAHMW/1960, 95:
“…for Beccurus, if a personal name, Rhys suggested the
Goedelic name Bicoir, whose son was mentioned in the Annals of the Four
Masters under A.D. 620 [627] as a Briton.” Goedelic means Irish, of
course.
While I am not suggesting that the Beccurus who was
apparently buried at Gesail Gyfarch is one of these saints (chronology alone
prohibits me from doing so!), it is certainly possible that the name means
“Bee-keeper” and not ‘Little-king’, etc.
Patrick Sims-Williams in his “The Celtic Inscriptions of
Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400-1200″, provides a couple of
etymologies for the name Beccurus. His first is that the name comes from
British *Bikkorix or “Little King”. His alternate derivation would be a
name from *bekko-, “beak”. He does not, however, make the connection to
an attested Irish noun, Becuir, found as a variant of Bechaire or “bee-keeper”
in the church name Lann Becuir/Bechaire. The “bee-keeper” references
either St. Modomnoc or St. Molaga of this religious establishment. The
former brought his bees with him from Wales, where he had been educated under
St. David (born c. 485?) at Mynyw/Menevia/St. David’s in Dyfed. The
latter had been to both Scotland and Wales (St. David’s again) and had obtained
some bees from Modomnoc.
When I asked Professor Sims-Williams about the possiibility
that Bicoir could be related to the Irish Becuir, he responded:
“I’m not sure that Becuir can be a variant of Bechaire. The
place name Lann Bechaire could be a distortion/rationalisation of Lann Becuir,
and the latter name may have nothing to do with bee-keeping, though it could be
related to Bicoir.”
The date of the Beccurus stone is estimated to be 533-599
A.D. (Jackson/1953). This would be the approximate range for the burial
of Cynog. When Beccurus died it is impossible to say. He may have
pre-deceased Cynog by an indeterminate period or may have perished at the same
time and the two were interred jointly. If Beccurus did die between 533
and 599, he could easily have been the ‘Bicoir’ whose son Artuir slew the Irish
king Mongan in 627. Alternately, this may simply be another ‘Bicoir’; for
all we know, the name may have been relatively common during this period.
The geographical relationships do not match up for Beccurus
of Gwynedd = Bicoir father of Artuir = Pedr/Petuir of Dyfed. If Bicoir
was of Dyfed, he would have been buried in Dyfed, not in Gwynedd.
However, there is no reason why a son of a chieftain from
Gwynedd could not be operating in Dalriada, especially in a mercenary
capacity. I would also note that there are a couple of Pentir place-names
in Gwynedd and Anglesey: Pentir or “Land’s End” is the equivalent of both
Cind-tyre and Pen-brog.
So what do we make of this Beccurus who was buried at Gesail
Gyfarch? Was he the father of the 7th century Artuir? Might
this Artuir be buried with him?
These questions can only be answered by finding a stone near
Penmorfa that bears the name Artuir son of Beccurus. We would then have
to come up with a satisfactory theory that would account for a chieftain in
Gwynedd naming his son after the earlier, more famous 5th-6th
century Arthur of Northern Britain. I have discussed the latter in detail
in my recent book “The Arthur of History."
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